19TH & 20TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY ARCHIVES

​Our 19th and 20th century archives contain works written at the height of the industrial revolution at the beginning of the 19th century and ends with the great thinkers of contemporary philosophy.  Primary sources for the 20th century, unfortunately, are restricted to the first three decades of that century due to copyright restrictions.  The difficulty level of each text provided below is identified by the following codes:  B [Beginner]: appropriate for those with no background in philosophy; I [Intermediate]:  requires a minimal background in philosophy or the history of ideas; A [Advanced]: most suitable for those with some background in philosophy.

C.D. BROAD

Primary Sources

C.D. Broad, "The Subject Matter of Philosophy"  [Scientific Thought]  [B]
C.D. Broad, "The Problem of Body and Mind  [Mind and It's Place in Nature] [I]
C.D. Broad, "Mechanism and Its Alternatives  [Mind and Its Place in Nature]  [I]

JOHN DEWEY

Primary Sources

John Dewey, "My Pedagogic Creed"  [B]
John Dewey, "The Child and the Curriculum"  [B]
John Dewey, "The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy"  [B]
John Dewey, "Reconstruction in Moral Conceptions"  [Reconstr. in Phil.]  [I]

Secondary Sources

George Nakhnikian, "John Dewey (1859-1952)"  [B]
Michael J. Quirk, "Dewey's Version of Pragmatism"   [I]

FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY

Primary Sources

Fyodor Dostoyevsky. "Rebellion"  [The Brothers Karamazov]    [B]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, "The Grand Inquisitor" [The Brothers Karamazov]  [B]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes from the Underground  [complete]  [I]

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

Primary Sources

Ralph Waldo Emerson. "Friendship"  [Essays: First Series]  [B]
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Art  [Essays: First Series]  [B]
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Beauty"  [Conduct of Life]  [B]
Ralph Waldo Emerson. "Beauty" (selection)    [B]
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance"  [Essays: First Series]  [B]

JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE

Primary Sources

Johann Gottlieb Fichte, The Vocation of Man  [complete] [I]

Secondary Sources

Richard Falckenberg, "The Philosophy of Fichte"  [History of Modern Philosophy]  [I]
Alfred Weber, "The Philosophy of Fichte"  [History of Philosophy]  [B]

SIGMUND FREUD

Primary Sources

Sigmund Freud, "Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners" [complete] [I]
Sigmund Freud, "Reflections on War and Death" [complete]  [I]
Sigmund Freud, "On Transience"  new translation  [B]
Sigmund Freud, "Religion as an Illusion"  [The Future of an Illusion]  new translation  [B]

EMMA GOLDMAN

Primary Sources

Emma Goldman, "The Philosophy of Atheism"  [B]
Emma Goldman, "Anarchism"  [Anarchism and Other Essays]  [B]
Marriage and Love [Anarchism and Other Essays] [B]

G.W.F. HEGEL

Primary Sources

G.W.F. Hegel, "Master and Slave"  [Phenomenology of Mind]  [I]
G.W.F. Hegel, "The Absolute  [Phenomenology of Mind]  [A]
G.W.F. Hegel, Lectures on Aesthetics  [I]
G.W.F. Hegel, "Introduction to the Philosophy of History"  [I]
G.W.F. Hegel, "Stoicism-Skepticism-The Unhappy Consciousness"  [Phen. of Mind]  [I]
G.W.F. Hegel, "The General Notion of Logic" [Science of Logic] [A]
G.W.F Hegel, "The Objectivity of Thought"  [Encycl. of the Phil. Sciences]  [A]

Secondary Sources

Richard Falckenberg, "The Philosophy of Hegel  [History of Modern Phil.]  [I]
Alfred Weber, "The Philosophy of Hegel"  [History of Phil.] [B]

MARTIN HEIDEGGER

Secondary Sources

David James, "Notes on Continental Philosophy: Martin Heidegger"  [B]
George Nakhnikian, "Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)"  [B]
Michael J. Quirk, "The Heidegger Case"   [I]
Michael J. Quirk, "Martin Heidegger: Being, Beings, and Truth"  [A]

WILLIAM JAMES

Primary Sources

William James. "What Pragmatism Means [Pragmatism]"  [I]
William James, "Pragmatism's Conception of the Truth" [Pragmatism]  [I]
William James, "The Dilemma of Determinism"   [I]
William James, "A Defense of Free Will" [Pragmatism]  [I]
William James, "Does Consciousness Exist?"   [I]
William James, "The Theory of the Soul"  [Principles of Psychology]  [I]
William James. "The Stream of Consciousness"  [Principles of Psychology]  [B]
William James, "Why We Philosophize  [The Will to Believe]  [B]
William James, "The Will to Believe  [The Will to Believe]"  [I]
William James, "The Self"  [Principles of Psychology]  [I]
William James "Talks to Teachers"  [B]
William James, "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life"  [B]
William James. "Mysticism Defined" [Varieties of the Religious Exp.]  [B]

Secondary Sources

William P. Alston, "William James"  [Readings in 20th Century Philosophy]  [B]

SØREN KIERKEGAARD

Primary Sources

Soren Kierkegaard, "Fear and Trembling" [selection] [A]

Secondary Sources

A.J. Grunthaler, "Kierkegaard's Concept of Despair"  [B]
L.M. Hollander, "Kierkegaard: Life and Thought"  [Writings of Kierkegaard]  [B]

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Primary Sources

Rudolph Carnap, "Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis"  [A]
Moritz Schlick, "Positivism and Realism"   [I]
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus  (under "Wittgenstein")

Secondary Sources

George Nakhnikian, "Logical Positivism"  [B]

MARXISM  [KARL MARX, FREDERICK ENGELS]

Primary Sources

Frederick Engels, "Principles of Communism"  [What is Communism?]  [B]
Frederick Engels, "Morality and Law: Ethical Truths"  [Anti-Dühring] [I]
Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto"   [I]
Karl Marx, "On Alienation" [Econ. & Phil. Manuscripts of 1844]  [I]
Karl Marx, "The Power of Money" [Econ. & Phil. Manuscripts of 1844] [B]
Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach"

JOHN STUART MILL

Primary Sources

John Stuart Mill, "Liberty and Social Coercion" [On Liberty, Book 1]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "What Utilitarianism Is"  [Utilitarianism 2]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Proving the Principle of Utility  [Utilitarianism 4]   [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Of Liberty and Necessity" [A System of Logic]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "The Utility of Religion [Three Essays on Religion]  [B]
John Stuart Mill, "Theism  [Three Essays on Religion]   [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Immortality"  [Three Essays on Religion]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Of Induction"  [A System of Logic]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "The Laws of Mind   [A System of Logic]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Representative Government"  [Consid. on Repr.  Government 3]  [B]

G. E. MOORE

Primary Sources

G.E. Moore, "Critique of Mill's Utilitarianism"  [Principia Ethica]   [I]
G.E. Moore, "Critique of Kantian Ethics"  [Principia Ethica]  [I]
G.E. Moore, "Free Will"  [Ethics]  [I]
G.E. Moore, "A Defense of Common Sense" [Cont. Brittish Phil.]  [I]
G.E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism" [Mind 12]  [I]

Secondary Sources

George Nakhnikian, "George Edward Moore (1873-1958)"  [B]
Ali Reda, "Introduction to G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica"  [B]

JOHN HENRY NEWMAN

Primary Sources

John Henry Newman, "The Theistic Conception of God"  [Grammar of Ascent]  [I]
John Henry Newman. "Conscience"  [Grammar of Ascent]  [I]
John Henry Newman, "The Nature and Credibility of a Miracle"  [Essays on Miracles]  [B]
John Henry Newman, "On Loving God"  [B]
John Henry Newman,  "Religious Faith is Reasonable"  [B] 

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

Primary Sources

Friedrich Nietzsche, "Prejudices of the Philosophers"  [Beyond Good and Evil]  [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "Natural History of Morals"  [Beyond Good and Evil] [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "Master-Slave Morality" [Beyond Good and Evil]  [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "What is Noble?"  [Beyond Good and Evil]  [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche.  "Redefining Good and Evil"  [Beyond Good and Evil]  [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "The Case Against Christianity" [The Antichrist] [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "The Death of God" [The Gay Science 125] [B]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "Malicious Joy, Envy, and Revenge"  [Human, All Too Human] [B]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "Of First and Last Things  [Human, All Too Human] [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, "Good and Evil, Good and Bad"  [Genealogy of Morals]  [I]
Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (selection) [Problems of Philosophy]   [B]
Friedrich Nietzsche. "The Superman"  [Thus Spoke Zarathustra]  [B]

Secondary Sources

Crane Brinton, "Nietzsche and Christianity"  [Nietzsche]  [B]
Kevin Cole, "The Meaning of Nietzsche's Death of God"  [B]
Stephan T. Mayo, "Study Guide:  Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Prologue)"  [B]  [video]
Ali Reda, "Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy"  [B]

CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE

Primary Sources

Charles Sanders Peirce, "What Pragmatism Is"   [I]
Charles Sanders Peirce, "The Fixation of Belief"  [I]
Charles Sanders Perice, "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined"  [I]

JOSIAH ROYCE

Primary Sources

 Josiah Royce, Loyalty [selection]  [B]
 Josiah Royce, "Objective Idealism"  [The World and the Individual]  [I]
 Josiah Royce, "Union of God and Man" [The World and the Individual]  [I]
 Joshiah Royce, "The Struggle With Evil"  [The World and the Individual] [I]
 Josiah Royce, "The Human Self"  [The World and the Individual]  [I]

BERTRAND RUSSELL

Primary Sources

Bertrand Russell, "The World of Universals" [Problems of Philosophy]  [I]
Bertrand Russell, "On Induction"  [Problems of Philosophy]  [I]
Bertrand Russell, "Truth and Falsehood" [Problems of Philosophy]  [I]
Bertrand Ruseell, "The Ethics of War"   [B]
Bertrand Russell, "A Free Man's Worship" [Mysticism and Logic]  [B]
Bertrand Russell, "Idealism"  [Problems of Philosophy]  [I]
Bertrand Russell, "Kant and A Priori Knowledge"  [Problems of Philosophy] [I]
Bertrand Russell, "The Value of Philosophy" [Problems of Philosophy]  [B]

Secondary Sources

William P. Alston, "Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "Study Guide  for "The Value of Philosophy"  [B]

ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER

Primary Sources

Arthur Schopenhauer, "On the Sufferings of the World"  [Studies in Pessimism]  [B]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "On the Vanity of Existence"  [Studies in Pessimism]  [B]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "On Suicide"  [Studies in Pessimism]  [B]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "Immortality: A Dialogue"  [Studies in Pessimism]  [B]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "On Education"  [Studies in Pessimism]  [B]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "Body, Mind, and the Will"  [World as Will and Idea]  [I]
Arthur Schopenhauer, "On the Inner Nature of Art"  [World as Will and Idea]     [I] 
Arthur Schopenhauer, "Suffering" (selection)

Secondary Sources

Alfred W. Benn, "Schopenhauer"  [History of Modern Philosophy] [B]
Irwin Edman, "Introduction to the Philosophy of Schopenhauer"   [B]
Richard Falckenberg, "The Philosophy of Schopenhauer"  [History of Modern Philosophy]  [I]

HERBERT SPENCER

Primary Sources

Herbert Spencer, "Right to Ignore the State"  [B]
Herbert Spencer, "Philosophy Defined"  [B]
Herbert Spencer, "Progress: It's Law and Causes"  [I]
Herbert Spencer, "Intellectual Education"  [Essays on Education]  [I]

MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO

Primary Sources

Miguel de Unamuno, "Critiquing Cartesian Rationalism"  [I]
Miguel de Unamuno, "God of the Heart"  [I]

ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD

Primary Sources

Alfred North Whitehead, "Aims of Education" [Aims of Education]  [B]
Alfred North Whitehead, The Concept of Nature [Chapters 1-2]  [I]
Alfred North Whitehead, "Consideration of Time"  [Concept of Nature 3]  [A]
Alfred North Whitehead, "Speculative Philosophy"  [Process and Reality 1.1]  [A]

Secondary Sources

William P. Alston, "Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)"  [B]

LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN

Primary Sources

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus [complete]  [A]

Secondary Sources

Michael J. Quirk, "Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations"   [A]

19TH & 20TH CENTURY ATHEISM & AGNOSTICISM

Charles Bradlaugh, "A Plea for Atheism"  [B]
Emma Goldman, "The Philosophy of Atheism"  [B]
Ludwig Feuerbach, "Religion as Projection"  [The Essence of Christianity]   [I]
Anatole France, "Miracle"  [B]
Robert Ingersoll, "The Gods"  [B]
Robert Ingersoll, "Why I am an Agnostic"  [B]
​Friedrich Nietzsche, "The Death of God" [The Gay Science 125]  [B]
Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Refutation of Deism"  [B]
Carl Van Doren, "Why I am an Unbeliever"  [B]

MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS

Henri Bergson, "Intuition"  [An Introduction to Metaphysics]  [I]
F.H. Bradley, "On the Supposed Uselessness of the Soul" [I]
"Edward Bullough, "Psychical Distance" and Aesthetics"  [B]
G. K. Chesterton. "Miracles" [The Religious Doubts of Democracy]   [B]
Aleister Crowley, "The Book of the Law"  [I]
Charles Darwin. Survival of the Fittest [Origen of Species]  [B]
Emile Durkheim, "Social Origins of Religion"  [Forms of Rel. Life]  [B]
Alexander Humboldt. "Nature"   [Cosmos]  [B]
T.H. Huxley, "On the Hypothesis that Animals Are Automata"  [I]
George Herbert Meade, "The Social Self"  [B]
Theodore Roosevelt, "Character and Success"  [The Strenuous Life]  [B]
W.D. Ross, "What Makes Right Acts Right?"  [The Right and the Good] [I]
Henry Sidgwick, "Luxury"  [Practical Ethics]  [B]
Henry Sidgwick, "The Meaning of Utilitarianism"  [Method of Ethics 4.1]  [I]
Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience"  [complete]   [B]
Leo Tolstoy, "The First Step"  [B]
Leo Tolstoy, "Where Love Is There Is God Also"  [B]
Leo Tolstoy, "A Confession" (selection)    [B]
Leo Tolstoy. "Art and the Common Person"  [What is Art?]  [B]
Thorstein Veblen, "Conspicuous Consumption" [Theory of the Leisure Class]  [B]
Principia Ethica
​
G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica, first published in 1903, is now regarded as a groundbreaking work of 20th century ethics. In this text, Moore advances an intuitivist approach to ethics that flatly rejects all forms of moral dogmatism. The term "good," he argues, cannot be defined, but can only be understood through direct experience. ​

ISBN: 9781548426873
The Tragic Sense of Life

Considered Miguel de Unamuno's most important philosophical work, The Tragic Sense of Life is now regarded as one of the great existential texts of the 20th century.  In it Unamuno rejects the life of reason for one of intense passion, faith, and love.

ISBN: 9781497578982
The Philosophy of Loyalty
 
In The Philosophy of Loyalty (1908) Royce applies his philosophical idealism to the realm of human activity. For Royce, loyalty is nothing other than the relationship of the individual to the infinite. A central virtue of Greek and Roman philosophy, the concept of loyalty and its role in the moral life of individuals and citizens was virtually ignored in modern philosophy until Royce undertook this groundbreaking project.

ISBN: 978-1985098527
Crime and Punishment
 
Generally regarded as one of the world’s greatest novels, Crime and Punishment is also a truly profound work of Christian existential literature, dealing with issues such as alienation, nihilism, free will, conscience, guilt, despair, and redemption. Called “the greatest crime novel of all time” by Thomas Mann, Crime and Punishment is at once an engrossing work of fiction as well as a penetrative psychological study of the criminal mind. 

ISBN: 978-1718785854
The Life of Reason

The Life of Reason is generally considered George Santayana’s most important philosophy treatise. Written in five volumes, the work represents Santayana’s attempt to present a “presumptive biography of the human intellect.” The current volume presents the complete five volumes of The Life of Reason (Reason in Common Sense, Reason in Society, Reason in Religion, Reason in Art, and Reason in Science) as they were originally conceived by Santayana.

ISBN: 978-1985662704