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​The Sophia Project

ETHICS ARCHIVES

Our ethics archives are a collection of primary and secondary sources focused on the most influential moral theories - egoism, utilitarianism, rights theory, deontology, virtue ethics, natural law, and the ethics of care - and the application of these theories to areas of contemporary concern. ​The difficulty level of each text is identified by the following codes: B [Beginner]: appropriate for those with no background in ethics; I [Intermediate]:  requires a minimal background in ethics; A [Advanced]: most suitable for those with some background in philosophy or ethics.

EGOISM

Primary Sources

Plato, "The Ring of Gyges" [Republic 2] [I]
Thomas Hobbes, "Of the State of Men Without Civil Society  [De Cive 1] [B]
Voltaire, "Self-Love" [Philosophical Dictionary] [B]
David Hume, "Of Self-Love" [Inquiry into the Pr. Morals] [I]

Secondary Sources

Tracy Kline, "An Introduction to Psychological Egoism" [B]

UTILITARIANISM

Primary Sources

Jeremy Bentham, "Utility and Pleasure" [Principles of Morals and Legislation]  [I]
William Godwin, "The Archbishop and the Chambermaid"  [Enquiry 2]  [B]
John Stuart Mill, "What Utilitarianism Is"  [Utilitarianism 2]  [I]
John Stuart Mill, "Proving the Principle of Utility" [Utilitarianism 4]  [I]

Secondary Sources

G.E. Moore, "Critique of Mill's Utilitarianism"  [Principia Ethica]  [I]
Henry Sidgwick, "The Meaning of Utilitarianism"  [Method of Ethics 4.1]  [I]
James Fox, "Utilitarianism" [Catholic Encycl]  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "Utilitarianism in a Nutshell"  [B]

DEONTOLOGY

Primary Sources

Immanuel Kant, "Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals" [Selections]  [A]
Immanuel Kant "On the Supposed Right to Lie" [Cr. of Pr. Reason]  [I]

Secondary Sources

J. Ming, "The Categorical Imperative"  [Catholic Encyclopedia]  [B]
G.E. Moore, "Critique of Kant's Ethics"  [Principia Ethica]  [I]

VIRTUE ETHICS

Primary Sources

Plato, "On Courage [Laches]  [I]
Aristotle, "Happiness and Moral Virtue"  [Nicomachean Ethics 1-2]  [I]
Aristotle,  "Courage" | "Generosity" |  "Pride" | "Good Temper" | "Justice"  [N. Eth.]  [B]
Moses Maimonides, "Happiness and the Life of Virtue" [Guide for the Perplexed]  [B]
Benjamin Franklin, "A Program for Moral Improvement"  [Autobiography]  [B]
Voltaire, "Character  [Philosophical Dictionary]  [B]
David Hume, "The Origin of Natural Virtues and Vices"  [Treatise of Human Nature]  [I]
Joseph Bulter, "A Dissertation Upon the Nature of Virtue  [Analogy of Religion] [I]
Josiah Royce, "Loyalty" [selection]  [B]

Secondary Sources

Tracy Kline, "Virtue Ethics and the Challenge of Relativity"  [B]
Tracy Kline. "Shame and Guilt: The Neglected Virtues"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "The Argument of Ethics 1-2"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "Reclaiming the Virtue of Pride"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "My Ugandan Friend:  The Quest for Perennial Virtues"  [B]

RIGHTS THEORY

Primary Sources

John Locke, "Second Treatise of Government"  [B]
U.S. Government, "Declaration of Independence"  [B]
U.S. Government, "Constitution of the United States of America"  [B]
John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty and Social Coercion" [On Liberty]  [B]

NATURAL LAW

Primary Sources

Thomas Aquinas, "The Natural Law"  [Summa Theologia]  [I] 

Secondary Sources

J. Fox, "Natural Law"  [Catholic Encyclopedia]  [B]
Jacques Maritain, "Action and Contemplation" [Scholasticism and Politics]  [B]  [Scholasticism and Politics]  [B]
Cardinal Mercier, "The Moral Order" [Man. of Schol. Phil.]  [B]

ETHICS OF CARE

Cortney Lombardo, "On Care and Partiality"  [B]
Cortney Lombardo, "Communicating Humanity:  Essential Aspects of Parental Care"  [B]
Cortney Lombardo, "Parental Care and Its Counterfeits"  [B]
Cortney Lombardo, "The Nature and Limits of Friendship"  [B]

ISSUES IN ETHICS

Cortney Lombardo, "Promise-Keeping and the Problem of Divorce"  [B]
A.J. Grunthaler, "Self-Respect and Retaliation"  [B]
A.J. Grunthaler, "The Challenge of Determinism"  [B]
Michael S. Russo. "Good Sex: Two Approaches to Sexual Ethics"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "Peter Singer and the Ethics of Famine Relief"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "Judith Thompson and the Case for Abortion"  [B]
Michael S. Russo, "The Whole Truth:  What Do We Owe Our Friends?"  [B]

ETHICS TOPICS

Topics for Ethics Research - a good place to begin if you are struggling for a topic for your ethics paper. 
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Ethics: Living Sanely in an Insane World  (Second Edition)
 

A general introduction to the basic  principles of ethics, this text is written specifically for college students with little or no background in philosophy or ethical theory.  Using straightforward language and  filled with case studies and examples focused directly on issues relevant to the lives of college students, the aim of Ethics is to provide students with the tools they need to develop their own framework for moral decision-making.

ISBN: 9781493694495

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​Principia Ethica
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G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica, first published in 1903, is now regarded as a groundbreaking work of 20th century ethics. In this text, Moore advances an intuitivist approach to ethics that flatly rejects all forms of moral dogmatism. The term "good," he argues, cannot be defined, but can only be understood through direct experience. 
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ISBN: 9781548426873

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Ethics Essentials for Business Leaders

Ethical  decision-making is often a puzzling challenge for business leaders.  News reports describing indictments and  guilty verdicts of corporate CEOs provide a sober reminder that making sound  ethical decisions requires care and prior study.  Ethics  Essentials for Business Leaders pulls all the pieces together in a compact  handbook designed for both current and future business leaders.  
 
ISBN:
9781466234765

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That's Right: An Introduction to Ethical Theory
 

THAT’S RIGHT is an introduction to the field of ethics that provides students with a general overview of the most important ethical theories. The text also includes a wide selection of primary sources by philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Mill (among others) for those seeking to delve even deeper into the study of the great moral theories. 

ISBN: 9781490381435

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The Philosophy of Loyalty
 

In The Philosophy of Loyalty (1908) Royce applies his philosophical idealism to the realm of human activity. For Royce, loyalty is nothing other than the relationship of the individual to the infinite. A central virtue of Greek and Roman philosophy, the concept of loyalty and its role in the moral life of individuals and citizens was virtually ignored in modern philosophy until Royce undertook this groundbreaking project.

ISBN: 9781985098527

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​The Complete Moral Epistles of Seneca

​Lucius Annaeus Seneca used his life experiences to develop a humanistic form of Stoic ethics that offers a pragmatic program of moral improvement for those seeking tranquility of spirit during difficult times. Nowhere is this philosophy better developed than in his Moral Epistles—a collection of 124 letters he wrote to a young friend that have provided inspiration to readers for almost two thousand years.

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ISBN: 9798500396393

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© SophiaOmni, 1999, updated December 2018.
  • Welcome
  • Our Mission
  • Philosophy Archives
    • Introduction to Philosophy
    • Classical Philosophy
    • Medieval Philosophy
    • Modern Philosophy
    • 19-20 c. Philosophy
    • Eastern Philosophy
    • Ethics
    • Topical Arrangement
    • Philosophy Resources
  • SophiaOmni Press
  • Contact Us